What Is ADHD?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, typically diagnosed in childhood but often persisting into adulthood. ADHD is characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

It is not simply a behavioral issue but a complex neurobiological condition involving differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas associated with executive function, attention, and impulse control.

Symptoms Explained

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), ADHD is categorized into three presentations:

Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: These involve difficulty sustaining focus, organizing tasks, and following through on responsibilities.
- Easily distracted by external stimuli or unrelated thoughts
- Frequently forgetful in daily activities (e.g., missing appointments, losing keys)
- Difficulty organizing tasks and managing time
- Avoidance or procrastination of tasks requiring sustained mental effort
- Frequently makes careless mistakes or overlooks details
- Trouble following through on instructions or finishing projects
- Frequently switches from one activity to another without completing any

Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: These involve behaviors related to excessive activity or restlessness.
- Restlessness or feeling "on edge"; difficulty relaxing
- Frequent fidgeting, tapping, or squirming
- Talks excessively or interrupts conversations
- Trouble staying seated or still for long periods
- Engages in non-purposeful movement (e.g., pacing, drumming fingers)
- May feel internally hyperactive, even if behavior appears calm on the outside
Combined Presentation
- Symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity are present for at least six months.

Associated Complications

While these are not a part of the official symptoms, there are several challenges that those with ADHD face, including:

Chronic disorganization and clutter
Poor time management and frequent lateness
Low frustration tolerance
Difficulty sustaining attention in conversations
Emotional dysregulation (mood swings, irritability)
Frequent job changes or underachievement relative to potential
Relationship difficulties due to forgetfulness, distractibility, or impulsivity
Feeling anxious or depressed

A Note From PsychNest

While challenges with attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity are central features, each person's experience with ADHD is unique. With proper diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and supportive strategies, individuals with ADHD can thrive in both personal and professional settings. By fostering empathy and education, we can help reduce stigma and create supportive environments.

Don't hesitate to use these resources for you or a loved one:

ADDA (Attention Deficit Disorder Association): www.add.org

ADHD Europe: www.adhdeurope.eu
Center for ADHD Awareness Canada (CADDAC): www.caddac.ca

Sources

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed 5/12/2025.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml. Accessed 5/12/2025.
What is ADHD? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd. Accessed 5/12/2025.

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